Foundation Layer
Fundamentals
The physics of ultrasonic piezoelectric motion. From crystal structure to closed-loop control. Each article is the most thorough practitioner treatment of its topic available on the open web.
How ultrasonic piezoelectric motors work
The physics of resonant stator actuation
The piezoelectric effect
From crystal structure to force generation
Resonant frequency, stator design, and motor bandwidth
What determines how fast your motor can respond
Closed-loop control of piezo motors
Encoder selection, controller architecture, PID tuning
Piezo motor specifications explained
What the datasheet doesn't tell you
Vacuum and cleanroom operation
Why piezo outperforms electromagnetic alternatives
Thermal behaviour of piezo actuators
The 60°C stator shift problem
Life expectancy and wear mechanisms
In ultrasonic piezo motors
Power electronics for piezo motors
12V, 24V, 48V, battery, and third-party controller integration
Repeatability vs. absolute accuracy
What the distinction means in practice for piezo stage selection
Constant velocity scanning with piezo
Why uniformity matters more than peak speed
Multi-axis piezo configurations
Stacking, interpolation, and controller architecture implications
Payload mounting and centre of gravity offset
What moment loading does to stage life and accuracy